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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung (INE), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
* E-mail address of corresponding author: pieper{at}ine.fzk.de
Various secondary phases formed during alteration/dissolution of HLW (high-level nuclear waste) borosilicate glass represent a significant retention potential for radionuclides including trivalent actinides. The trioctahedral smectite, hectorite, Na0.7[Li0.7Mg5.3Si8O20(OH)4], is one of the secondary phases identified within the alteration layer of corroded HLW glass. Numerous studies have clearly shown that many radionuclides are associated with clay minerals and the migration of radionuclides is strongly reduced by complexation. Due to the structural complexity and chemical variability of smectites, sorption of radionuclides involves several sorption mechanisms: (1) adsorption via inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexation; (2) cation exchange in the interlayer; and (3) incorporation into the smectite structure. Up to now, it was not known whether trivalent actinides such as Cm(III) and Am(III) become incorporated into the crystal structure of clay minerals like hectorite. We have used a new method, developed by Carrado et al. (1997b), to synthesize a Eu- and a Cm-containing hectorite, utilizing Cm(III) and chemically homologous Eu(III) coprecipitated with Mg(OH)2 as a precursor. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy identified the reaction products unambiguously as hectorite. The sorption mechanisms of Eu associated with the synthesized hectorite were investigated by time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). An unhydrated Eu species (fluorescence lifetime 930 µs) and a partly hydrated Eu species (fluorescence lifetime 381 µs) could be identified. The unhydrated Eu species can be interpreted as incorporating Eu(III) into the hectorite structure or a remaining X-ray amorphous silica phase. The spectra of Eu hectorite and the Eu silica complexation are too similar to permit differentiation between these species, but dialysis experiments demonstrated the close association of the unhydrated Eu species with the crystalline hectorite phase. Time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) measurements identified the same incorporated Eu species as long as the Eu hectorite was stable under acidic conditions. The stability of the Eu hectorite could be shown by the dialysis experiment over a time period of 160 h. Between 160 und 500 h, hectorite became unstable and a new silica phase was detected. In addition, TRLFS measurements of the Cm-containing hectorite confirmed the incorporation of actinides in the smectite structure. The Cm-hectorite and Cm-silica species can be differentiated unambiguously by TRLFS. In order to differentiate between coprecipitated and surface-sorbed Eu species, batch sorption studies were performed with synthetic Eu-free hectorite. For the surface-sorbed Eu species, a fluorescence lifetime of 284 µs (3.1 H2O molecules) was found, which clearly differs from the coprecipitated species with a fluorescence lifetime of 930 µs. The different lifetimes indicate a different chemical environment. Based on all observations it seems to be very likely that trace amounts of Cm/Eu occupy a distorted octahedral site in the hectorite.
Key Words: Actinides • Coprecipitation • Curium (Cm) • Europium (Eu) • High-level Nuclear Waste Glass (HLW) Corrosion • Lanthanides • Lattice Substitution • Organo-hectorite • Smectite • Time-resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS)
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