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EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL SATURATION PROTOCOLS ON XRD PATTERNS: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND DISCUSSION

¹ UMR CNRS 7566 G2R, UHP, BP 239, 54506 Vanduvre-lès-Nancy, France
² UMR CNRS 7569 LEM, INPL, BP 40, 54501 Vanduvre-lès-Nancy, France

^* E-mail address of corresponding author: regine.ruck{at}g2r.uhp-nancy.fr

	Abstract

TOP Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS, METHODS AND... RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

 
Study of the transformation of smectite to illite, chlorite or vermiculite via interstratified clay minerals needs precise qualitative and quantitative determinations of the different layers in the mixed-layer clays and is generally based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns after specific treatments of the clay samples. Saturation with K or Mg followed by ethylene glycol (EG) solvation are classical methods used to identify high-charge smectite and vermiculite. These procedures have been applied to two experimental clays, one composed of smectite layers and the second, a mixture of vermiculite and smectite layers. Different methods of glycolation (EG vapor or liquid EG) produce significant differences in the XRD patterns. Comparison with literature data indicates that K-saturated, high-charge smectite (~0.8 < total charge <1/unit-cell) and Mg-vermiculite (whatever its charge) do not expand in ethylene glycol vapor (d values ~14–15 Å). Expansion to 17 Å in liquid ethylene glycol occurs for Mg-vermiculite with a total charge of <~1.2/unit-cell and for K-saturated, high-charge smectite, when the tetrahedral charge is <~0.7/unit-cell. This study shows that: (1) glycolation procedures need to be standardized; (2) the use of saturation protocols using both liquid ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol vapor yields useful additional information about the distribution of charges in clay minerals.

Key Words: Ethylene Glycol Solvation • High-charge Smectite • K Saturation • Mg Saturation • Vermiculite

	INTRODUCTION

TOP Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS, METHODS AND... RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

 
The transformation of smectites under natural or experimental conditions has been studied intensely in order to describe the processes controlling the nature of clays during diagenesis, weathering or anthropogenic activities such as radioactive waste disposal. In most studies, the characterization of clay layers is carried out by XRD on air-dried and glycol-saturated oriented preparations, sometimes after saturation with different cations (K, Mg, Li, etc., see Bouchet et al., 2000 for a compilation). The main objective of glycolation is to identify the nature of the non-swelling clays (illite or chlorite), to discriminate between the swelling clays (di- or trioctahedral high-charge or low-charge smectite, vermiculite) and to quantify the nature, degree and ordering of the mixed layering. For a long time, the complexes formed by ethylene glycol or glycerol with clays have received attention because of their use in the identification and characterization of smectites and mixed-layer clays, in particular illite-smectite mixed- layer clays (MacEwan, 1944, 1946; Bradley, 1945; Brindley, 1966). Saturation with glycerol or ethylene glycol produces similar effects but some differences are noticed such as higher d values with glycerol due to the larger size of the molecule, and a variable number of layers of organic molecules related to the exchangeable cation (reviewed by Bouchet et al., 2000). The expandability of these complexes varies not only with the nature of the mineral, but also with the magnitude and source of the charge in the silicate layers, the number and kind of the exchangeable cations, the particle size and the relative humidity (Walker 1957, 1958; Brindley, 1966; Schultz, 1969; Harward et al., 1969; rodo, 1980; Sato et al., 1992). In general, it is established that vermiculites form a single-layer complex and smectites a double-layer complex. Beidellite, in comparison with montmorillonite, exhibits differences in expansion upon solvation which are consistent with stronger ionic attraction for tetrahedral than for octahedral charge sites (Harward and Brindley, 1965). The physical state of the solvating agent (liquid, vapor) also yields differences in the rate of expansion (Harward and Brindley, 1965, in Brindley, 1966; Suquet et al., 1975). As a preliminary conclusion, methods of saturation have changed continuously since the middle of 20^th century. A careful reading of the literature (summarized below) has shown that several differences and inconsistencies characterize the methods of saturation with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol and glycerol) and that no international standardization of these procedures is available. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted in order to evaluate the relative effects produced by distinct procedures of saturation on the expandability of two clays. The effects of the ethylene glycol saturation method (vapor or liquid) on the swelling was tested for a K-saturated smectite and a Mg-saturated vermiculite.

Saturation with liquid polyalcohol
Liquid glycerol or liquid ethylene glycol was used in the pioneer works of Bradley (1945) and MacEwan (1948). At that time, air-dried powdered samples were packed in glass capillary tubes, then the sealed ends of the tubes were broken off and held in hot (110 °C) water- free glycerol until glycerol rose by capillarity to the top of the sample (e.g. Barshad, 1950; Reynolds, 1965). In the case of a thin oriented layer of air-dried clay on a glass slide, a few drops of the organic liquid were placed at the edge of the clay sample and allowed to diffuse into it (e.g. Harward et al., 1969; Brindley and Ertem, 1971), or a fine spray (e.g. Inoue et al., 1989) was used so that clay becomes visibly moist. Solvation was also realized by pressing the dry preparation upside down against absorbent paper wetted with ethylene glycol and allowing the composite to remain overnight in this position (e.g. rodo, 1980). Ethylene glycol liquid was sometimes applied directly with a brush (Lanson and Besson, 1992) and excess ethylene glycol was removed just before recording the XRD pattern by pressing the preparation on an absorbent paper. But direct wetting of the slide with the polyalcohols can lead to mechanical disturbances, in particular to the change of particle orientation (Brunton, 1955; Kunze, 1955; Brown and Farrow, 1956).

Saturation with polyalcohol vapor
Another procedure was then recommended that involved exposing a clay-covered slide to organic vapors in a closed vessel over a heated bath maintained at 60–65°C for ethylene glycol (Brunton, 1955; Kunze, 1955) and 100°C for glycerol (Brown and Farrow, 1956). Brunton (1955) observed that most clay samples glycolated satisfactorily within 1 h in the vapor at equilibrium with a bath of liquid ethylene glycol at 60°C, but Brindley (1966) asserted that at least an overnight period in ethylene glycol or glycerol vapors was necessary to establish optimum conditions of solvation. According to Holtzapffel (1985), the saturation in a polyalcohol vapor atmosphere at room temperature should be complete after 12 h.

In the literature, preparation methods of clay samples before an XRD analysis are very different or poorly described. In a few examples, it is stated only that samples are ethylene glycol solvated: "in vapor at 60°C" (Inoue et al., 1989); "at 60°C for at least 6 h" (Howard 1981), "at least 12 h at ~50°C" (Bish and Aronson, 1993); only "‘overnight" (Huang et al., 1993); "overnight at 60°C" (Whitney and Velde, 1993); or "at room temperature for 24 h" (Price and McDowell, 1993). No international standard exists concerning the procedure for saturation with poly- alcohol vapor.

Effects of K saturation and layer charge of smectite on swelling with polyalcohol
The K saturation of montmorillonite differs with the site of the charge within a layer structure (Schultz, 1969). A charge in the tetrahedral sheet near the interlayer cation will strongly attract and tends to fix K⁺ ions, making the layer non-expandable, whereas a layer charge mainly in the octahedral sheet far from the exchangeable cation tends to let the layer expand. Other authors (see review in Schultz, 1969) report that expansion after K saturation is related more to the total amount of net layer charge than to the position of the charge within the layer. According to Schultz (1969), the formation of a double-layer ethylene glycol complex (d value = 17 Å ) occurs if the negative layer charge of the smectite is 0.85 or less per unit-cell (O₂₀ (OH)₄). According to Sato et al.(1992), K-smectites (montmorillonite and beidellite) with layer charges of 0.68–0.94 (per unit-cell) form 17 Å bi-layer complexes and K-smectites with layer charge of 1.12–1.17 (per unit-cell) form 14 Å monolayer complexes.

In recent works (Bouchet et al., 1988; Righi et al., 1997; Beaufort et al., 2001; Guillaume et al., 2004; Mosser-Ruck and Cathelineau 2004), the identification of high-charge smectite in mixed-layer clays is accomplished using a K-saturated sample heated at 110°C overnight and then solvated by ethylene glycol vapor. This procedure is often used and cited in the literature but authors sometimes do not refer to the source, or they refer to sources in which the procedure described is slightly different. Bouchet et al.(1988) refer to rodo (1980), Howard and Roy (1985) and rodo et al.(1986). Righi et al.(1997) cite Schultz (1969) and Sato et al.(1992). Certainly, all these works (Schultz 1969; rodo 1980; Howard and Roy 1985; rodo et al., 1986; Sato et al., 1992) examine the behavior of expandable smectite layers upon K saturation to give an estimate of the magnitude of the layer charge but, curiously, none of them deals with heating overnight at 110°C on K-saturated samples before saturation with a polyalcohol. The reason why heating overnight at 110°C has been introduced to the protocol by some authors (Bouchet et al 1988; Righi et al., 1997) is not explained.

Furthermore, these studies do not use the same solvating agent for the preparation of samples. For example, in Sato et al.(1992), solvations with glycerol and ethylene glycol are accomplished by the vapor-pressure methods of Brunton (1955) and Brown and Farrow (1956). In rodo (1980) and rodo et al.(1986) liquid ethylene glycol is used by pressing the preparation against absorbent paper overnight and Schultz (1969) uses K-saturated clay slides heated at 300°C for 30 min and treated overnight in ethylene glycol vapor at 60°C.

Mg saturation and distinction between smectite and vermiculite
Harward and Brindley (1965) show that synthetic beidellites and montmorillonite saturated with Mg and exposed to glycerol vapor are characterized by a spacing of 14.3 Å and 17.8–17.9 Å, respectively; exposed to liquid glycerol, a 17.8–17.9 Å spacing is obtained in both cases. The reason why a one-layer glycerol complex is formed in beidellite by glycerol vapor condensation but a two-layer complex in contact with excess liquid is unclear. According to Harward et al.(1969), the Mg-saturated montmorillonites and beidellites generally expand to the equivalent two- layer complex with ethylene glycol vapor (16.8–16.9 Å ). Mg-saturated saponite in the presence of liquid ethylene glycol or liquid glycerol has a similar behavior to that of the other smectites, i.e. swelling from 16.7 Å in ethylene glycol to 18.1 Å in glycerol (Suquet et al., 1975). For Mg-saturated vermiculites, Harward et al.(1969) concluded that whatever the solvating procedure (ethylene glycol or glycerol, vapor or liquid), d values always range between 14.1 and 14.3 Å . These results disagree with those of Walker (1957, 1958) who studied the expansion properties upon solvation of five vermiculites characterized by different layer charge, from 1.2 to 1.6 (in equivalents per O₂₀(OH)₄ unit of structure). This author noticed that the rate and the degree of expansion of the five Mg-vermiculites saturated with liquid ethylene glycol are related to the layer charge of the vermiculite. The basal d value is ~14.3 Å for Mg-vermiculite with high layer-charge (>1.4 in equivalents per O₂₀(OH)₄), 16.3 Å if the layer charge is <1.2, and intermediate, ~15.2 Å when the layer charge is between 1.2 and 1.4. Since none of these Mg-saturated vermiculites expands beyond 14.5 Å when solvated with liquid glycerol, Walker (1957, 1958) recommended this solvation as a procedure to distinguish between vermiculite and smectite.

	MATERIALS, METHODS AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

TOP Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS, METHODS AND... RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

 
Materials
The effects of the state of ethylene glycol on the XRD pattern have been tested on two products.

Material ‘A’ was obtained experimentally byMosser-Ruck and Cathelineau (2004). Its mean formula, based on O₂₀(OH)₄, is:

The second material (referred to here as material ‘B’) is a mixture of vermiculite and smectite. It was obtained experimentally by Charpentier et al.(2004). The characterization of vermiculite layers was obtained by analyses of particles (TEM analyses) and Mg saturation of material B before recording the XRD pattern. The structural formulae of the vermiculite in material B (before Mg saturation) is:

EG saturation protocols
Material A.
A preliminary Ca saturation of material A followed by solvation with ethylene glycol vapor revealed that it was composed of smectite layers. A second saturation with K was carried out to determine the presence of high-charge smectite layers in material A and to test the effect of both heating to 110°C overnight and the state of ethylene glycol (vapor or liquid) following four different saturation protocols: (1) K saturation + 110°C (overnight) + 24 h-room temperature-EG vapor solvation; (2) K saturation + 24 h-room temperature-EG vapor solvation; (3) K saturation + 24 h-65°C-EG vapor solvation; (4) K saturation + room temperature-EG liquid solvation (a few drops of the organic liquid were placed at the edge of the clay film until the slide was visibly moist).

Material B.
The effect of the state of ethylene glycol (vapor and liquid) has been tested following two different saturation protocols: (1) Mg saturation + 24 h-room temperature-EG vapor solvation; (2) Mg saturation + room temperature-liquid EG solvation.

Analytical techniques
XRD.
The XRD patterns were recorded using a Bruker^® D8 diffractometer, with CoK radiation. The patterns were recorded from 3 to 40°2, with a step scan of 0.035°2 and time per step of 3 s.

The XRD patterns were recorded under similar conditions of relative humidity (42–46%) and room temperature (22.6–25.8°C).

Analyses of material A and material B were carried out by electron microprobe (EMPA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and were reported by Mosser-Ruck and Cathelineau (2004) and by Charpentier et al.(2004).

	RESULTS

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The four protocols carried out on K-saturated material A result in rather significant differences in the XRD patterns (Figure 1). If the K-saturated material A is solvated in EG vapor at 65°C (the widely used method in literature), the d₀₀₁ value is ~15 Å. The same result is obtained when it is solvated in EG vapor at room temperature over 24 h. Heating at 110°C overnight before EG vapor solvation led to a d₀₀₁ spacing of ~13 Å. When material A is saturated with liquid ethylene glycol, a higher d value is observed (17 Å). The presence of a weak reflection at 10.09 Å (only on the XRD of the K-110°C-EG vapor and K-EG vapor samples) is also noticed and could be assigned to non- swelling ‘mica-like’ crystals (Figure 1).

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. XRD patterns of the K-saturated material noted ‘A’: (a) heating overnight at 110°C and solvated with ethylene glycol vapor at room temperature (K-110°C-EG vapor-rt); (b) solvated with ethylene glycol vapor at room temperature (K-EG vapor-rt); (c) solvated with ethylene glycol vapor at 65°C (K-EG vapor-65°C); (d) solvated with liquid ethylene glycol; (e) air-dried (K-sat-AD). Index of reflections corresponds to dhkl in Å.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. XRD patterns of the air-dried Mg-saturated material B (Mg-sat AD), solvated with ethylene glycol vapor for 24 h at room temperature (Mg-sat EG vapor-rt) and solvated with ethylene glycol liquid (Mg-sat EG liq). Index of reflections corresponds to dhkl in Å.

	DISCUSSION

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	CONCLUSIONS

TOP Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS, METHODS AND... RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

Based on XRD results obtained after different saturation protocols of a K-saturated smectite and a Mg-vermiculite, our study shows that: (1) treatment with EG vapor at ~60°C or at room temperature leads to the same saturation ratios if duration of solvation at room temperature is at least 24 h; (2) heating to 110°C overnight could induce either a partial or a complete lack of re-expansion of K-saturated smectite layers in ethylene glycol vapor; (3) liquid ethylene glycol leads to the expansion to 17 Å of K-saturated, high-charge smectite layers when they have a low tetrahedral charge (<~0.7/unit-cell), and of low-charge Mg-saturated vermiculite (<1.2/unit-cell).

The various behaviors of K-saturated, high-charge smectite and Mg-saturated vermiculite facing the different treatments confirm the strong dependency of expandability on the saturation procedure with poly- alcohol and the difficulty of correlating expandability with the mineralogy and the type of layering in mixed- layered clays. The present study is restricted to two samples obtained from experiments. To confirm the conclusions, well known reference clays should be used to characterize fully the inferred processes using various polyalcohol saturation protocols.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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We are very grateful to Dr J. Cuadros (National History Museum, London) and Dr R. Ferrell (Associate Editor) for reviewing the manuscript and for their constructive suggestions.

	Footnotes

 
Ms. 979; A.E. Ray E. Ferrell, Jr.

(Received 5 November 2004; revised 15 June 2005)

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TOP Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS, METHODS AND... RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

 

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This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (2) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mosser-Ruck, R. Articles by Cathelineau, M. Search for Related Content GeoRef GeoRef Citation